Piracy Essay -- Technology Software Computers Essays

piracyPiracy is the unauthorized writeing, counterfeiting or distribution of software. Piracy is essentially stealing someone elses adroit property. The five most common types of software piracy are end physical exerciser piracy, client-server overuse, Internet piracy, hard disk loading, and software counterfeiting. End User Piracy occurs when an employee of a company reproduces software without the proper authorization. End User Piracy can be done in several different ways. utilize one licensed copy to install a program on multiple computers . Copying disks for installation and distribution . Taking advantage of upgrade offers without having a legal copy of the version to be upgraded . Acquiring academic or other restricted or non-retail software without a license for commercial use . Swapping disks in or outside the workplace 6 Client-Server overuse occurs when too many employees on a network are use a central copy of a program at the same time. When using a program in this way, it must be stated in the license. By having more employees using the software than stated in the license, is defined as overuse. Internet Piracy occurs when software is transfered from the Internet. Although the product was acquired through the Internet, the same rules apply as if it were bought in a store. Internet Piracy can be done in several different ways. Pirate websites that make software available for free download or in exchange for uploaded programs . Internet auction sites that offer counterfeit, out-of-channel, infringing copyright software . Peer-to-Peer networks that enable unauthorized transfer of copyrighted programs. 6 Hard-Disk Loading occurs when a chore w... ...chelle, China on Pirates Blow Em Down, Wired Online Magazine, October 17, 2001. <http//www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,47617,00.html6 Business Software Alliance, Types of Piracy, Business Software Alliance, 2004. <http//www.bsa.org/usa/antipiracy/Types- of-Piracy.cfm7 Copyright Law of the United States of America, US Copyright Office. <http//www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html1028 Travel Pictures. <http//www.cs.unm.edu/dlchao/travel/9 Business Software Alliance, Sixth Annual BSA Global Software Piracy Study, Business Software Alliance, June 2000. <http//global.bsa.org/resources/2001-05- 21.55.pdf10 The Complete Reference to the web Sites of China Law, <http//www.chinasite.com/Law.html11 Markkula Center for Applied Ethics,<http//www.scu.edu/ethics/

Solar Energys Ability to Power our Future Essay -- Energy Solar PV Pa

solar ability to power our futureAbstractSolar Energy is the process of victimisation the rays from the sun and transferring the aptitude into thermal or voltaic energy. A main contribution to solar energy is PV panels. The Solar panels are found in a variety of locations, but mostly found on roofs of buildings or other large surfaces. The panels are devices used to capture the solar energy transferring it into electric or heat energy. Solar energy is beneficial in numerous ways, including helping the environment. Studies and attempts in working with solar energy have been around for decades and continue evolving. Solar Energy is very beneficial, but still has its disadvantages. Yet as the studies and experiments continue, the usage and benefits of Solar Energy will flourish.IntroductionSolar Energy low gear appeared during the 1860s. The first scientist that is believed to have turned solar power into mechanical energy was Auguste Mouchout. He began his studies in fear that his country was becoming too dependent on coal. afterward he received grants, he continued perfecting his theory until 1880, in which he created the beginning of outstanding and beneficial findings. (Smith 2007) Many people took his theories and experiments and evolved it more thoroughly. Since then solar power has come along way and now anybody has the opportunity to be involved in the struggle for energy. Numerous of households across the United States are tender down on their usage of lights and appliances, and solar panels are being seen more frequent.Powering our future 3Steps on how Sun rays are converted to electric energy.Figure 1 (Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 2007)The solar energy is created by the harboring of the Sunrays using Photovoltaic... ...eb site http//www.solarenergy.com/info_history.html(2005). Solar Energy. Retrieved July 31, 2007, from BBC-GCSE Bitesize- Physics sack site http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/physics/energy/energy_resourcesrev7.shtml(20 06). Discover Solar Energy. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from Solar Energy Advantages and Disadvantages Web site http//www.facts-about-solar-energy.com/solar-energy-advantages-disadvantages.html(January 4,2007). Retrieved July 31, 2007, from ecosystems Web site http//www.ecosystemssolar.com/sungrabber.htm(2007). About Solar Energy. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from Pacific Gas & Electric Company Web site http//www.pge.com/about_us/environment/solar/about_solar_energy.html(2007). About Solar Energy. Retrieved July 24, 2007, from Pacific Gas & Electric Company Web site http//www.pge.com/about_us/environment/solar/about_solar_energy.html

Werner Heisenberg :: essays research papers

Werner Heisenberg     One cannot fully appreciate the work of Werner Heisenberg unless oneexamines his contributions in the context of the cadence in which he lived. WernerKarl Heisenberg was born in Wuerzburg, Germany, on December 5, 1901, and grew upin academic surroundings, in a household devoted to the humanities. His fatherwas a professor at the University of Munich and undoubtedly greatly influencedyoung Werner, who was a student at the exclusiveimilian Gymnasium.      Heisenberg had the opportunity to work with many of the top physicistsin the world including Niels Bohr and Max Born. Like many of the top physicistsof the time Heisenberg received his doctorate at an early while. In Heisenbergscase he received it at the young age of twenty three. Heisenberg was not just aresearcher. He was in addition a professor and author. During his career he taught atmany prestigious universities, including the Universities of Leipzig, Goettingen, and Berlin. He also wrote many important books including, Physical Principlesof the Quantum Theory, Cosmic Radiation, natural philosophy and Philosophy, andIntroduction to the Unified Theory of Elementary Particles. In 1932 he won theNobel Prize in Physics for his work in Quantum Mechanics.     With the Nazis in power, and World War two on the horizon it wasinevitable that his German heritage would play a crucial use of goods and services in his career.Before Germanys blitzkrieg on Poland Heisenberg decided to make one final visitof his friends in the West. Many tried to convince him to stay and have aprofessorship at Columbia, but Heisenberg declined. He felt that it was hisduty to preserve the foundation of science in Germany during the war. He alsobelieved that by staying in Germany during the war, he could help individualGerman scientists. In fact, he did offer jobs to Jewish scientists when theywere fired from their posts at other universities. As time pa ssed, Heisenbergfound that he was powerless to protect his friends. Heisenberg himself waspersonally attacked, and his appointment at the University of Munich was blocked.For over a year Heisenberg was attacked in the SS newspaper, which referred tohim as a "white Jew." The attack became so heavy that Heisenbergs mother,who had a slight connection to Himmlers family, wrote to Himmlers motherasking Himmler to intercede. Himmler personally cleared Heisenberg of thecharges leveled against him a year later, but he was told to study science andavoid discussing scientists. The sample of the investigation surely affectedHeisenbergs creativity.     During the war Heisenberg worked on the German A-bomb project along witha number of other German scientists.

the sun also rises Essay -- essays research papers fc

The United States in the 1920s was a land of change. The recent end to a horrific struggle brought about a change in life, culture and perception. Those who returned from the war had their view on life shattered and changed completely. This change of awareness is evident in the books following World War I. Authors such as Ernest Hemingway demonstrated what many were experiencing with the short sentences and tough prose found in his novels. His first and defining novel, The Sun as tumesce Rises, was written in 1926. Hemingway uses foils to develop flawed characters and convey a message of what the Lost Generation experiences in The Sun Also Rises.World War I was a war in which much new technology and innovation was used. This advancement made killing more effective and the horrors of war even greater. The deep warfare on the Eastern Front was horrendous. Poison gasses were used to flush soldiers out of trenches. When they emerged, they would be met by bullets from machine guns, which would mow men down. Survivors of the ghastly battles had the images and memories deface into their minds. Young men were sent to war, and what they saw changed them forever. One of these men was a certain ambulance driver on the Italian Front. He witnessed the effects of the new innovations on the human body, and the devastation they caused. That man was Ernest Hemmingway, and after the war, he translated his memories and experiences into the literature that is now famous. Novels like The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms are examples of this defining literature (The Sun Also Rises 332).Those soldiers that returned from the war were traumatized beyond belief. They were disillusioned and stunned by what they had gone through in World War I. They were a coevals of people morally and spiritually lost, and dubbed the Lost Generation by Gertrude Stein (The Sun Also Rises 332-334).One of Hemingways talents was to create characters with flaws and obstacles that challenge them. The protagonist in The Sun Also Rises is Jake Barnes. He was emasculated in World War I. Most of his obstacles involve his injury and the self-consciousness associated with it. The memories of the war traumatize him as well as the other veterans. Jake is insecure about his masculi... ... was an era when much change occurred and those living it were unsure how to react. Veterans of the war were scarred. Morality seemed to be lost in the introduction as the Roaring Twenties started. Hemingway took the culture of the times and put them onto paper. His characters in The Sun Also Rises demonstrate what many people experienced. The disillusionment many felt, the jeopardy of others, and the desire to escape reality were all prominent at that time. Most of the people of the time and the characters in Hemingways novels were a Lost Generation in every sense.Works CitedHemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York Scribner, 2003.Ira Elliott. Performance Art Jake Barnes and Masculine Signi fication in The Sun Also Rises. (American Literature, 1995) excerpted and reprinted in Novels for Students. Vol 5 (Detroit Gale, 1999), pp. 338-342.Jeffery M. Lilburn, in an essay for Novels for Students. Vol 5. Detroit Gale, 1999, pp. 335-338.Robert W. Cochran. Circularity in The Sun Also Rises (Modern Fiction Studies, 1968) reprinted in Novels for Students. Vol 5. (Detroit Gale, 1999), pp. 342-347.The Sun Also Rises. Novels for Students. Vol 5. Detroit Gale, 1999.

Global Markets vs. Local Realities Essay examples -- Consumption Econo

Global Markets vs. Local RealitiesWhat happens to commodities when they cross cultural borders? Howes recent edited volume, cross-cultural Consumption, sets out explicitly to answer this very question. Through a diverse and highly accessible set of collected papers, inspired and adapted from a fussy issue of Anthropogie et Sociitis on Culture and Consumption, the reader finds an excellent introduction to the major themes in the anthropological approach to consumption. Situated squarely within the booming writings on the globalization of consumer society, the papers in this volume are expressly geared towards students of consumer studies from a range of disciplines. Howes makes his objectives clear - this book is actually intended as a teaching tool (p.8), which likely accounts for its notable clarity. Unlike many similar ventures, Howes et. al.s pedagological approach allows him to openly pose a set of ethical questions by way of conclusion, challenging the reader to actively refle ct on the issues raised in the various chapters. That cultures and goods stand in a relation of complex interdependence (p.1), is by now a widely recognized feature of consumer studies in anthropology. Using this perspective as premise, the papers in this volume address the port wine between the local and the global. Ulf Hannerzs popular Creolization Paradigm provides the appropriate framework for discussion. After rejecting the polar extremes of global homogenization and local fragmentation, Howes reifies another persistent dichotomy that legitimate and constructed distinction between the West and the rest. Although the world of commodity flows presents multiple opportunities for various border crossings, it is this primary division... ...early the full range of themes which make up the corpus of anthropological studies of consumption, the authors sacrifice to some extent the coherence a more limited project might have produced. Taken together, the chapters in this work are ro ughly uneven in terms of quality and content. As it stands, the book requires a more comprehensive conclusion than that provided. However, despite the criticisms presented here, this volume on the whole does successfully accomplish its objectives. The issues raised are clear and comprehensive and the personal flavor of many of the chapters help make the issues more accessible and immediate to the first-time reader. I would sure as shooting recommend it as an introductory reader for students interested in consumption. Source CitedCross Cultural Consumption Global Markets Local Realities David Howes, ed. London Routledge 1996

Global Markets vs. Local Realities Essay examples -- Consumption Econo

Global Markets vs. Local RealitiesWhat happens to commodities when they cross cultural borders? Howes recent edited volume, Cross-Cultural Consumption, sets out explicitly to answer this very(prenominal) question. Through a diverse and highly accessible set of collected papers, inspired and adapted from a special issue of Anthropogie et Sociitis on Culture and Consumption, the proof referee finds an excellent introduction to the major themes in the anthropological approach to consumption. Situated squarely within the booming literature on the globalization of consumer society, the papers in this volume are expressly geared towards students of consumer studies from a range of disciplines. Howes makes his objectives buy the farm - this book is actually intended as a teaching tool (p.8), which presumable accounts for its notable clarity. Unlike many similar ventures, Howes et. al.s pedagological approach allows him to openly pose a set of ethical questions by way of conclusion, chal lenging the reader to actively reflect on the issues raised in the various chapters. That cultures and goods stand in a relation of complex interdependence (p.1), is by now a widely recognized feature of consumer studies in anthropology. Using this perspective as premise, the papers in this volume address the interface between the local and the global. Ulf Hannerzs popular Creolization figure provides the appropriate framework for discussion. After rejecting the polar extremes of global homogenization and local fragmentation, Howes reifies another persistent dichotomy that real and constructed distinction between the West and the rest. Although the arena of commodity flows presents multiple opportunities for various border crossings, it is this primary division... ...early the full range of themes which make up the corpus of anthropological studies of consumption, the authors sacrifice to some extent the glueyness a more limited project might have produced. Taken together, the chapters in this work are somewhat uneven in terms of woodland and content. As it stands, the book requires a more comprehensive conclusion than that provided. However, despite the criticisms presented here, this volume on the whole does successfully accomplish its objectives. The issues raised are clear and comprehensive and the personal flavor of many of the chapters help make the issues more accessible and immediate to the first-time reader. I would certainly recommend it as an introductory reader for students interested in consumption. Source CitedCross Cultural Consumption Global Markets Local Realities David Howes, ed. London Routledge 1996

Court History and Purpose Paper Essay

The Superior Court of Los Angeles County is the largest single unified coquette in the United States. This approach serves all over 40 courthouses and operates about 600 courtrooms and staffs approximately 5,400 employees. The Municipal court is devoted to resolving and recording legal matters while upholding values of Integrity, Accessibility, and fairness. Growing up in Los Angeles has invariably fascinated me with how the court system processes so many criminals in the amount of time they have, with the amount of employees they staff. How do they do it (Hansen, 1998)? The traffic court handles cases that start make with citations or tickets written by a law enforcement officer. Parking tickets are not process at traffic division courts, only by topical anaesthetic city or Los Angeles Parking Violations Bureau. Driving Under the Influence (DUI) cases are handled in criminal court division.When cases the State has filed against one or more persons touch in criminal offenses s uch as, infractions, felonies, and misdemeanors the criminal court handles these cases. Criminal division also handles warrants, fugitive warrants and extradition proceedings, and grand jury indictments. The policy makers of the U.S. Constitution requested that the national government have limited power, to regulate the kind of cases federal official courts would have. Most of the laws that are passed are decided by usually the state which allows the state court to handle most disputes that govern our lives on day to day bases. The federal courts defend our assoildom of speech and our equal protection under the law. Federalism is the significant subject of a government dividing the power amongst a national government and a state or regional government. State courts primarily handle all cases that the federal court will not take.When federal courts portray federal laws, state court interprets a state law which is called General Jurisdiction. The federal court system only hearsspe cial cases under certain circumstances. Basically, the federal court hear two types of cases those that raise a federal question and those that involving diversity of citizenship (Gray, Ritter & Graham, 2012). A common law legal system is a system of law identified by case law which is developed by judges finished decisions of courts and similar tribunals. Common law systems also include images enacted by legislative frame. In comparison to common law systems, courtly law systems are created on a set of legal codes, which are organized laws that pursue to cover exhaustively the various legal domains. It is characterized by an absence of precedent in the legal application of these codes. Common law courts have had the authority to make law where no legislative statute exists, and statutes mean what courts interpret them to mean. By contrast, in the civil law jurisdictions the legal tradition that prevails or is combined with common law is statured.The criminal justice system is ma de up of sets of agencies and processes that are established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate the law. The criminal justice system operates differently depending on the jurisdiction it is in charge of, whether it be city, county, state, federal or tribal government or military installation. Different jurisdictions have various laws, agencies, and ways of managing the criminal justice process. The justice system is the mechanism that upholds the prescript of the law. The courts provide a forum to resolve disputes and to test and enforce laws in a fair and rational manner.The courts are an impartial forum, and judges are free to apply the law without regard to the governments wishes or the weight of the publics opinion. Court decisions are based on what the law says and what the certainty proves. There is no place in the courts for suspicion, bias or favoritism. This is why justice is often symbolized as a blindfolded figure balancing a set o f scales, oblivious to anything that could detract from the pursuit of an outcome that is just and fair. Though a number of rights derived from the Constitution protect the accused from abuses and overreaching from law enforcement officers, the arguably most important of these rights are the Miranda advisement and the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.Referenceshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court http//judiciallearningcenter.org/state-courts-vs-federal-courts

Max webber

This is a show of the bureaucratic characteristics of Turkish elementary and supplemental indoctrinates Little is cognise about the organization and pieceation of these schools. This get Is d beginning In an effort to develop d body of literature In these schools. scoopful Webers (in Gerth Mills, 1946) thinking and dorms (1961) operationalization of bureaucracy get to the theoretical foundation for the study.Because the construct of alienation is the main construct that has been studied with relation to bureaucracy, this study also examines the traffichips mingled with ureaucracy and sense of power as a m of alienation. Context Organizations surround us. Bureaucracy Is d blueprint for organlzlng human activities for a desired end. It is a sociological phenomenon that has evolved throughout the history ot clvlllzauon. As a sociological tool It has been used to bulld pyramids, to invade nations, to cure illnesses, to keep criminals incarcerated, to land on Mars, to massac re millions, to educate. nd so on. It Is the tool of power, an effective device to control and direct human effort and behavior. The bureaucratic theory of max Weber has been a point of departure for the increment and odification of organization structure to Influence the flow of Interrelationships within organizations (Hall, 1963). The degree of bureaucracy in an organization sets the boundaries tor human action. These boundaries that regulate peoples treedom have a by-product jockeyn as alienation.The construct of alienation has been studied with relation to bureaucracy. It has been demonstrated that people who sprain in bureaucracies have a limited say In what they do. For nigh or for evil, bureaucracy is the machinery to control human behavior. What matters is how to use this device without alienating people. chools are hotshot of the forms of bureaucracy where a large portion of our lives is spent Schools rig youth for bureaucracies. If the schools are the places that pr epare people tor bureaucratized lite. hen, the instructors in them are the eldnts of bureaucracies. If teachers are alienated, society may also be alienated It is possible that certain problems ascribed to bureaucracies nooky be related to d certain degree of bureaucracy In organizations. All organizations are bureaucratic toa degree. Human lite, even before It begins and after It ends, is in contact with bureaucratic organizations. Organizations will ontinue to dominate and alienate our lives It is worthwhile to understand what bureaucracy Is and what problems are associated with It. ureducracles surround The orlgln ot the Bureaucratic Theory Since translations of Max Webers works into the position language during the s part of the 1940s, a vast literature on organizations, In general, and on bureaucracy, 1 Of6 In partlcular, nas Deen generated. Max weDer (Ge in favor of bureaucratic organization argued as Tollows The decisive reason for the advantage of bureaucratic organizat ion has always been its purely adept superiority over any form of organization. The fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine with the non-mechanical modes of production.Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction, and of material and personal costs these are embossed to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration, and especially in its monocratic form. As compared with the collegiate, honorific, and avocation forms of administration, trained bureaucracy is superior on all these points. (p. 214) Max Weber (Etzioni, 1961) listed organizational attributes that when present, constitute the bureaucratic form of organization. 1 A continuous organization of official functions bound by rules. A specific bowl of competence. 3 The organization of offices follows the principal of hierarchy that is, each lower office is under the con trol and supervision of a higher one. 4 The rules which regulate the use up of an office may be technical rules or norms. 5 It is a matter of principle that members of the administrative staff should be completely separated from willpower of the means of production or administration. In order to enhance the organizational freedom, the resources of the organization have to be free of any remote control and the positions good deal non be monopolized by any incumbent. 7 Administrative acts, decisions, and any rules are formulated and recorded in writing. (pp. 53-54) Based on the theory developed by Max Weber, researchers used bureaucratic theory as an analytical tool to examine organizational structure. Until the 1960s, case studies were used to assess bureaucratic characteristics of organizations. These studies were called uni proportionalityal approach to the study of organization. Researchers who used the unidimensional approach believed that all characteristics of bureaucracy m ust be present to a high degree in an organization before it can be called a bureaucracy.During the late 1950s this approach was questioned. Researchers breaded to think that all characteristics of bureaucracy might not be present in an organization at the same time. Some characteristics can be stronger than others. Characteristics could be independent of each other. Bureaucratic characteristics or dimensions could create different configurations of bureaucracies. Since the 1960s, imensional approaches to study bureaucracy have been used. Hall (1961) was among the first to measure bureaucratic dimensions in organizations data-basedly.Hall (1961) was the first to develop a survey instrument to measure the degree of bureaucratization in organizations. After an extensive literature review, he identified six dimensions of bureaucracy hierarchy of authority, division of labor, rules and regulations, procedural speclTlcatlons, Impersonallty, ana tecnnlcal competence. HIS instrument (Org anizational Inventory) has 62 items. All dimensions have 10 items xcept for hierarchy of authority, which has 12 items. special versions of his instrument have been used in educational settings to assess school bureaucratization.Researchers have added more items to his instrument during modifications. Halls instrument was first modify by the Canadian researcher, MacKay (1964), to measure six dimensions of bureaucracy in educational settings. In Canada, Robinson (1966), Kolesar (1967) and Punch (1967) continued to use and refine the Mackays instrument. These Canadian researchers were followed by Anderson (1970), Isherwood ( 1971), and Sousa (1980) in the U. S. Researchers using modified versions of Halls instrument have consistently found six dimensions of bureaucracy clustered around two boilersuit higher-order dimensions.Hall (1961) warned that one of the six dimensions could be an abureaucratic dimension. He found that the technical 4 competence dimension was inversely correlate d with three dimensions. Mackay (1964) and Robinson (1966) also found that the dimensions did not converge under a single overall dimension. Punch (1967) found that six dimensions formed two higher order dimensions. Hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, procedural pecifications, and impersonality clustered together while division of labor and technical competence clustered together.The higher order dimension formed by the first set of dimensions is a measure of bureaucratization while the higher order dimension formed by the second set of dimensions is a partial measure of professionalism. Isherwood and Hoy (1973) confirmed that Halls six dimensions cluster under two separate second order dimensions. Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the utility of Halls conceptualization of bureaucracy in analyzing the organizational structure of Turkish elementary and econdary schools. Research on educational organizations in Turkey is not as advanced as it is in the western countries.Turkey adopted its centralized ministry system from European nations. No empirical studies were found on structural characteristics of Turkish public schools. Researchers do not have an empirical base to help them understand how organizations function. It is hoped that this study will start a literature base on the subject and provide a tool to assess the organizational structure of schools that is desperately needed in Turkey. similarly an empirical llustration from Turkey might provide a useful addition to the literature because the literature on school organizations in developing countries is very limited.Researchers know little about how school bureaucracy functions in other cultures. Questions How are the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary and secondary schools related? What are the relationships between the bureaucratic dimensions of Turkish elementary schools and the demographic variables? wnat are tne relatlonsnlps Detween tne Dureaucratlc Olmenslons 0 T lur s elementary and secondary schools and teachers sense of power? 5 Definitions Major Variables A bureaucracy is an organizational form designed to accomplish large-scale administrative tasks by systematically coordinating the work of many individuals (Blau, 1956).Hierarchy of authority (HA) is the extent to which the locus of decision making is prestructured by the organization(Hall, 1968, p. 95). Division of labor or specialization (DL) is the extent to which work tasks are subdivided by functional specialization within the organization (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Rule enforcement or rules and regulations (RR) is the degree to which the behaviors of organizational members re subject to organizational control (Hall, 1968 p. 95).Procedural specification (PS) is the extent to which organizational members must follow organizationally defined techniques in transaction with situations they encounter (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Impersonality (IM) is the extent to which both organizational members and outsiders are treated without regard to individual qualities(Hall, 1968, p. 95). This dimension has two distinct factors. (1) Friendly climate (CLM) is the degree to which relations in the organization are friendly and warm. (2) Formality (FRM) is the degree to which nteractions among people are formal and free from emotions.The second factor was accepted as the measure of impersonality. The friendliness of the school climate is most likely to be an outcome variable rather than a structural variable. This variable was analyzed separately. Promotions based on technical competence (TC) is the extent to which organizationally defined universalistic standards are utilized in the personnel selection and advancement (Hall, 1968, p. 95). Control is the degree to which bureaucratic authority is utilized to regulate teacher behaviors.Expertise is the degree to which professional authority is utilized to regulate teacher Sense of power (SP) is the extent to which a teacher believes he/she is able to influence the course of events in the school that holds significance for him/her (Moeller 1962). 6 Teachers friendship with school administrators was deliberate by responses to the statement, I have a friendship with school administrators outside the school, on a five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 = definitely inaccurate to 5 = definitely accurate . Demographic Variables gens of city is the school district where the teacher works.It is operationalized as the name of the township Karabuk (1), Safranbolu (2), Eflani (3), Eskipazar (4), Yenice (5), and Ovacik (6). Number of sessions is a two-category variable. Teachers were grouped into two categories ( ) teacners wno work at scnools tnat run one sesslon a cay ana teachers who work at schools that run two sessions a day. Level of the school refers to grades in the teachers school. Teachers in elementary school (K-5) were coded as one, teachers in middle schools (6-8) were coded as two, and teachers in high school s (9-11) were coded as three.Size variables are (1) the outcome of teachers who are on the payroll of the teachers school, (2) number of students enrolled in the teachers school, (3) student-teacher ratio in the teachers school, (4) number of classrooms in the teachers school, and (5) number of administrators in the teachers school. Age of the teachers school is the number of years passed since the foundation of the school. Urbanization is a three-level savourless variable teachers who work in urban schools, teachers who work in suburban schools, and teachers who work in rural schools. Urban was coded as one, suburban was coded as two, and rural was coded s three.Occupation of principals father was a five-level categorical variable teachers who work under principals whose fathers were farmers (coded 1), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were blue collar workers (coded 2), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were small business owners (coded 3), teachers who work under principals whose fathers were civil servants (coded 4), and teachers who work under principals whose fathers were professionals (code 5). 7 Sex is the gender of the teacher. Male teachers were coded as one while female teachers were coded two.Socio-economic status of teacher was measured by three variables (1) emergence up location of teacher, (2) number of sisters and brothers of teacher, and (3) fathers occupation of teacher. The grown-up location of teacher was operationalized as rural (1), town (2), city (3), big city (4), and all (5). Fathers occupation was categorise as small business owner (1), civil servant (2), blue-collar worker (3), and farmer (4). Socio economic status of students (SES) is the teachers principals perception of students socioeconomic status measured on a five point likert type scale.Principals ere asked to rate students in their school on a five-point scale ranging from very poor (1) to very plastered (5). Political ties of teachers wer e measured on a five-point Likert- type scale. Teachers were asked to respond to following statement l know influential people who can help me if I am in trouble in this school. Response options ranged from definitely inaccurate (1) to definitely accurate (5). Experience of teacher was measured by four variables (1) age of teacher, (2) total service years of teacher in dogma, (3) total years in administrative positions and (4) ork experience outside teaching.The last variable, the work experience outside teaching, was a categorical variable. Teachers who had work experience outside teaching were delegate one while teachers who did not have work experience outside teaching were assigned two. Overall alienation from work was utilized to cnec tne vallOl ty 0T sense 0T power scale. leacners were asKea to response to tne following question Do you wish your child to pursue a career in teaching? Those who said yes were assigned two and those who said no were assigned one. Teachers birt hplace had two possible responses. Those who were born in the province, Karabuk, were assigned a two. Those who were born outside the province were assigned a one. Training had three potential responses. Teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a one, teachers who were not graduated from teacher colleges but 8 earned teaching certificate by attending extra training were assigned a two, and regular teachers who were graduated from teacher colleges were assigned a three. Experience of principals had three measures (1) age of teachers principal, (2) total ears in administrative positions, and (3) total service years in education sector.These measures were obtained during school visitations. Percentage of male is the percentage of male teachers in teachers school. Organization of the Study The relevant literature is reviewed in the second chapter. The third chapter deals with instrumentation and methodology. The findings of the pilot study are reported in t he fourth chapter. The findings of the research sample are in the fifth chapter. After discussions of findings, recommendations for further research are presented in the 6th chapter.

Should Animals Be Used for Scientific Research or Testing?

Should zoologys be used for scientific research or testing? Agli Panci Instructor Eva Prifti Course Composition I Time Thursday, 1500-1800 From the early time humans survival was depended on animals, either as food or for transporting. Today we argon use animals for a new attractive of survival, we argon using them for testing and experimenting medicines that we desire for different diseases. All along this time, this experiments has helped a lot for discovering of new kind of diseases and medicine to cure them.I ring that lemniscus of this experiments will bring limitation in scientific progress. However in that location are o lots of cheek that try to protect animal rights but anyway for the moment is the only what that we have to test and experiment new way curing new or existing deceases. Although that many organization of animal rights think that animals should not used in medical research data shows that there are a lots of medications that we use today are invented due to animal research, because there are some animals who have similar body functions with humans.Reducing the human agony as much as we washstand must be our firs priority, and then our second priority must be reducing of animal suffering or death. Is not the same as using humans and animals in medical research for discovering new diseases that my affect both animals and human beings, in this case we must use animals for research so we countermand human suffering as much as we bed and after that our priority should be animals.For death bringers deceases like HIV or different tumors we need to do experimenting and tests with animals because it is the mos efficient way to find new ways to cure without having human suffering. Regarding to the second part that says that we must do our high hat to have the tokenish of animal suffering has to a lot with ethics of the scientists that are doing this experiments. Regarding a survey conducted in the American Medical Association show that 99% of every active physicians in the U. S think that animal testing is the only way yo medical advancements.With today technology we can keep animal suffering in the absolute minimum. We can use anesthetics to minimize the suffering. Also to reduce animal suffering can be done by keeping them roaring and in clean and healthy environment conditions. In other words is clearly possible to use animals in research without being cruel to them. smart technologies of scanning that exist today like magnetic resonance, which make possible for doctors to learn rough a certain disease from animals without making them suffer.According to studies there are thousands of death bringers diseases that are discovered from 1600s to 1990s due to animal experimentation. According to physical Use and Abuse Statistics, more than 25 million vertebrate animals are used annually, and the number of invertebrates may extend to billions in United States. Above the scientific ethics of the scientist is the technology that is available to him, so our part is to do our best to avoid not needed hurting or testing. So we must take our benefits from this experiments but also to protect this animals from death.According to the US based, Foundation for biomedical Research Animal research has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last degree centigrade for both human and veterinary health. From antibiotics to blood transfusions, from dialysis to organ transplantation, from vaccinations to chemotherapy, bypass surgery and joint replacement, practically every present-day protocol for the prevention, treatment, cure and control of disease, aggravator and suffering is based on knowledge attained through research with lab animals.Humans genes are 99% like chimpanzees, and many other prefatory functions like eating, seeing, smelling are in humans like in animals. As a result of this similarity , the feedback of these animals are a very better guide to possible re actions of human patients. It is very possible that humans and animals can get o lot of the same diseases, because of this we can make the research in animals and test new medicines in them firs and after this we can produce for humans. As we know from the theory of evolution animals feel pain and pleasure,because we share with them our emotions.So the peck using animals for experimenting or different purposes should treat them with respect. Also the purposes for witch they are used should be legitimate. The groups defending animals have tried to distort the truth astir(predicate) what animals are used for. They refuse the fact that these researchers are important and declaim that animals shouldnt be used for any reason. They argue that medical community doesnt support the fact that animals are used in research and it is obvious that it isnt the truth.Besides the modern technology used in animal testing not all the experiments finish successfully and millions of animals die each y ear. Another point is that there are a lots of medicines that are tested in animals but they have side-effects in humans. So this kind of experiments bring suffering and deaths in both sides, in animals and in humans. Because different species reaction differently on different medicines. Animal rights organization have tried to dis inform public about the different fact in animal research.They do not subscribe the fact that use of animal in research has given a very useful contribution in curing different diseases. Today about 95% of U. S medical schools do not use animals to experiment new medicines or for testing purposes. They are trained using the human rousing that the today technologies can offer and doing didactic work. While there are trying to find other ways to animal testing and experimenting, what the best scientist can do for now is try to reduce the number of animals being tested.They are using modern technologies and new types of scanning to see the animal organism so they dont actually need to apply surgery. Though it is hard to completely stop the animal resting, what we can to is prevent unnecessary tests by stopping certain products that dont require animal experimenting. In order that the pathogenesis of different diseases could be studied,doctors need animal experimentation as the only way at te current level of knowledge ,and it undertakes drug trials,vaccines to alleviate suffering for human and animals.To conclude, humans must try can to reduce the number of animals being harmed in these experiments aimed at benefiting society. References Cook, K. (2006, March 29). Facts about Animal Research . Message posted to http//www. pro-test. org. uk/2006/03/facts-about-animal-research. html PETA. Animal Testing Is Bad Science Point/Counterpoint. Retrived from http//www. peta. org Research Animal Resources. Ethics and Alternatieves. Retrived from http//www. ahc. umn. edu University of Georgia. Animals Used in Experiments. Retrived from http//ww w. uga. edu

Dubai Under Pressure

Under Pressure, Dubai Company Drops Port Deal 1. Discuss the role of political factors-both in the united states and in Dubai- played in the reversal of the port repugn. resolution This case talks about the disparity of the co.uk/what-led-to-the-rise-of-political-parties-in-the-1790s/American political parties against the ownership of port operation by the state owned Dubai company. The republicans and Democrats being the opposition party were disfavoring the sale of some terminal port operation to DP World an Arab state company.Even though furnish being the president of the ruling party was not able to stop the transfer of control of the terminals due to the force of political decision. The force that played in the reversal of the port deal was mostly security issues related with Arab world, there was a huge protest about economic security of United states. The Democrats and Republicans were scope of concern about possible terrorist attack . Whereas the ruler of Dubai was willi ng to transfer the lease to the American company to avoid any further damage.He also had to withdrew the deal to maintain a friendly relationship and to maintain a political stability in the host country. 2. How did the concerns of the US public result in a occupation decision by a Dubai company? Solution As it is said in the case, that the outcome did nothing to solve the underlying issue overt by an uproar that has consumed the capital for weeks. It means that the people were not happy but were panic stricken with the fact . The terror of 9/11 has created a phobia in mass.Media has stereotyped the American people by only showing the dark side of the Arab world. So the concerns of the US public result in a business decision was very unfavorable and prejudice. 3. Do you agree with the decision, accepting that transportation takes place through a global network of companies? Solution Yes, I do agree with the above decision, because owning all the transportation company by the state would not be a feasible idea as well as the regimen would go against the practice of free economy if it is publicized by the government.As we have been learning from the start that completion and trade makes everyone mend off, it would be very unfair and unjust if the transportation is nationalized. There is a high chance of cartel if its nationalized. 4. What are the implications of DP worlds withdrawal from global business and investment? Solution It tries to imply us that not only economical but political understanding is also very necessary to start a successful business venture. Understand the political sentiment of the country also plays a very vital role in business decision.Various factors such as expropriation , forced sale of equity to host country, nationalization, discriminatory treatment to foreign country, barriers to repatriation, loss of technology, interference in management decision making, dishonesty by government officials are some of the various political risk today. So assessment of the political risk before entering into the foreign borders is what the case is trying to imply. Submitted By Jayanta Mani Kayastha Roll No-11109 International Management IVth trimester SAIM College

Business Law in Accounting

Accounting is the system of recording, reporting and verifying financial information for individuals and businesses, including income, expenses, value of assets, and so on. However, Business Law I, grapples what is normally known of accounting and moves into another arna, one which includes civil and criminal liabilities, contract law, ethics and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. By establishing the basics in Business Law, controls are able to sympathise the hazards of their particular profession.Accountants are faced with civil and criminal liabilities which are based on the accountants ability to do his or her job effectively and legally. Accountants face civil liabilities when they do not complete the work satisfactorially to what was agreed to. Even Codes of Ethics exhort accountants to not agree to do work that they know they do not have the knowledge or time to complete. Competency is a key factor to being a successful accountant, and not meeting competency goals can cause problems for young accountants entering the field.By extrapolateing the basics of contract law, it is easier for accountants to bechance the necessary information to allow them to do their jobs competently. If accountants know that it takes mutual consideration, or a meeting of the minds, to begin contract negotiations, then they can figure if they are brush uping a contract, some role of mutual consideration must have occurred, as well as a proposal and acceptance portion of the conversation. Also, if an accountant knows that the contract is for the sale of goods, then the accountant would know that the UCC Article 2 has to be used, instead of simple contract law.Knowing this would help the accountant understand how the asset or products purchased needed to be accounted for, because without detailed information in the contract, UCC Article I gap filling procedures take place. These procedures are an attempt to take vagueness and give it some detail, but the gap filling detail is not much better than the original, thus the accountant can still be stuck, lost, not knowing how to account for a particular product, and not knowing at which time responsibility and risk for the product exchanges hands. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law in 2002 by George W. Bush.The original thought behind SOX was to regulate the accounting profession, due to the greed that had resulted in huge economic crashes amongst top corporations such as Enron and WorldCom. SOX assist in setting up regulatory organizations for each facet of the accounting process. These organizations are designed to ensure that accounting practices and auditing practices are ethical, legal and professional for usual U. S. companies. Unfortunately, SOX does not regulate private companies, but private companies cannot create financial hardships for outside investors, so private companies are not in need of these type of regulations.Business Law I helped create an understanding amongst the students regarding what is actually expected of them once work as an accountant begins. A naive accountant would look at that all he or she needed to do was ensure that the data being entered in is correct and if not, fix it through a series of ledger entries. However, after taking this class, it is apparent that this is an incorrect assumption. Understanding the civil and criminal liabilities that can be charged due to negligence or fraud, whether intentional or not, is incredibly important to accountants and CPAs.Without understanding these potential problems, an accountant would not be able to understand the level of the problem, or be able to prize the gravity of the situation, whatever that situation may be. Even though accounting is a financial profession that takes the value of income, expenses, assets, and other items, and reports, analyzes, records and verifies these amounts, Business Law allows for the review of the profession in general. Accountants have to understand what is legally expected of them when working with clients records and reports, and how these legal expectations can be brought upon them, and what their rights are.Without understanding the responsibility and risk that takes place for a company, an accountant would not understand why it is so important to establish ownership and when that particular ownership exchanges hands. Accountants also must understand what risks and responsibilities their particular profession run as well, and ensure that they are competently performing their jobs so that there is no question as to if an accountant was negligent, or was derilect in the performance of his or her duty.

Fighting Police Abuse: A Community Action Manual Essay

ascertain and Frisk has been a very active human race affair that had held serious concerns over racial profiling, illegal stops, and privacy rights. The police were stopping hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers yearly. Stop and Frisk is based on a timeworn of the power granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. A police incumbent has the power to stop, question, and romp suspects bettern reasonable circumstances. It is a question of each individual case that determined whether it is unavoidable for reasonable detention or investigation. If an officer suspects that a somebody is armed and dangerous, a gambol may be conducted without a warrant. Under the stop and frisk faithfulness, officers whoremaster stop people walking down the streets and search them for weapons, drugs and other illegal pieces of stuff.The stop and frisk were created to embrace the proactive and preventive theory of abuse fighting. It was prioritized to conduct street surveillance of suspiciou s people and habitual offenders. Though the start of stops and frisk sounds treasureive and safe, it ended up as an pugnacious policing, which was in a very heated situation for years. The vague suspicion, the search of an individual and the force used upon the target was incredible. Nearly most of the people stop and frisked was innocent. In 2002, New Yorkers were stop by the police 97,296 times. 80,176 were totally innocent (82 percent) (the NYCLU Campaign). Even without suspicion of wrongdoing, an officer approached someone and interrogate them based on their appearance. These searches were practically unsuccessful in catching criminals, only few of them believed it was a success at crime control and stopped potential crime.Race played an authoritative role in how minorities were targeted by the stop and frisk policy. The law strictly targeted African American and Hispanics and other disempowered communities. For example in the article of NYCLU Campaign, it mentions, Young d is food color and Latino men were the targets of a commodiously disproportionate number of stops. Though they account for only 4.7 percent of the citys population, downhearted and Latino males betwixt the ages of 14 and 24 accounted for 40.6 percent of stops in 2012. The number of stops of young black men ne ard the entire city population of young black men (133,119 as compared to 158,406). More than 90 percent of young black and Latino men stopped were innocent. The stops indicated the innocent of a person and the color basis of a person. Walking around the city and being stopped by a police officer because of the skin tone resulted in racial discrimination. Majority of Latinos and African American were scratch lineed when they saw an officer because they used excessive force and targeted them as a criminal or an outsider. Stop and frisk indicated that race was the primary factor in certain, whom the NYPD mostly stopped were Black and Latino neighborhoods and even in areas wher e populations were racially mixed or mostly White. Blacks and Latinos were handle more harshly than Whites, being more likely to be arrested instead of given a summons when compared to White people accused of the same crimes.In addition, Blacks and Latinos were also more likely to have force used against them by police. The amount of force used against African American and Hispanics did not only tinge them physically but also created lasting feelings of resentment and distrust on officers. plurality who have been stopped say that if they show the slightest bit of resistance, even verbally, they can find themselves slammed against walls, forced to the ground and, on rarer occasions, with officers guns pointed at their heads.(Rivera). The experience of being stopped and frisked by police often lasted emotionally. People who were stopped felt a range of emotions during stops, such as anger, fear, and shame. Stop and frisk left people feeling unsafe and afraid to leave their homes w henever they see the police. People who were stopped reported that stops often resulted in excessive force by police, for example when officers slapped them, beat them, or hurt them physically. The force not eer paid out compared to the effect that it left on the people. Being harassed in public, a person could go through life challenges, feeling hopeless, uncomfortable, threatened and high alert. The body and the mind get tensed and start to get conscious around the surroundings that stares and ignores with a disgusting looks.Therefore, in the article of Rivera, cardinal officers stopped a man named Christopher Graham19 years old after(prenominal) leaving his friends apartment. He was pushed against the walls and when the officer groped his personal space, Graham said, I said, Whoa, what are you doing? Mr. Graham recalled. The cop put his hand on the back of my cap and, boom, smashed my head into the wall of the apartment, for no reason. The aftermath of the frisk was horrible because he had gone through six stitches, terrifying experience and an unfortunate dreadful account with the officers. He was neither arrested nor called for summons but yet had a scar that would remain in his whole life. The stops explored that young people perceived the police whether or not they felt safe where they lived, not to turn to law enforcement for help or to report crimes they knew about. The experience being stopped by police repeatedly perceived to be unfair and could be associated with undesirable developmental consequences.The terry cloth v. Ohio supreme court case was one of the biggest cases regarding the policy of stop and frisk. It lasted a great impact on the practice of stop and frisk, sometimes called Terry stop. An officer stopped John Terry the petitionary after the officer observed Terry staring at the store for a possible robbery. The officer ran a quick search and after approaching three men, the officer found revolvers that denied their appeals. The Te rry stop gleaned from the information about whether the search was the protection of the officers and the public safety. The stop must have a reasonable suspicion to initiate the suspect and explain why the suspect behavior suggested criminal activity. The stop had to give reasons and explain, more than just hunches. The Terry stop cannot take the suspect to the police, move to a second different location, use excessive force and search for anything similarly weapons.The Floyd vs New York City supreme case was yet one of the biggest controversial on stop and frisk. It was a case that questioned the stops that were not caused due to likely or reasonable stops. It violated the Fourth Amendment and the Fourteen Amendment which was not an equal protection due to all the obvious racial disparities in who is stopped and searched by NYPD. Both the Supreme Court case lawsuit challenged the use of stop and frisk as a violation guaranteed to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. comparison the differences between past stop and frisk and the recent ones that have taken place, I believe the recent ones have become more lenient towards the people. In the past, the officers did not stop a person because of reasonable suspicion they were stopping to fulfill the record of their data and show their superiors what they have done for the day. The data record in stop and frisk was recorded in the persons background check. The record stayed in the data for a lifetime, which did not come in the good outcome because even though they were innocent a criminal record was there in the system. Plus, during the olden days, police stopped a person regarding their guesses and suspicion and did not have a valid reason for a stop. aft(prenominal) the supreme cases, the violation of the Fourth and Fourteen Amendment came to a tight be intimate where people knew about their rights and the officers grew more attention on the reasonable and suspicions stops. Therefore, based on pa st and toadys issues time in New York City, after the cases, it provides an environment by bringing humanity together without any kind of race and social system. The stop and frisk that adapted during the beginning early was a process of improving the city. Looking back at the times when the rights were violated and not respected, we can just emphasize and see the wrongdoings that can be prevented today.Stop and frisk is not just an impractical way of fighting crime in New York City but also violated towards peoples right to walk freely. People were being stopped based on their skin color and appearance, the way they walked and even the neighborhood they lived in. The use of force against the minorities left them devastated and also affected others who lived under the same weight of this unprecedented policy. These stops had become extensive that many people learned to adjust their daily routines to protect themselves from regular police harassment. Thus, it created distrust towards the law and harmed people who were already disadvantaged in our city.The effects on crime rate were not so huge either. It did make a difference in the statistics but compare to the stops and the statics of crime report, it was humongous. There was no relationship between the stop and frisk and crimes took place. After all the scenario of protest, the New York City police restricted their stop and frisk policy two years ago. Even after restricting the policy, there were no impact or increases in the crime rates. In fact, the crimes had gone down and were stable as it was. In another hand, it did keep guns off the street but unfortunately violating constitutional rights of some of the minorities did not work together with the policy.

Contrast the factors a qualitative Essay

There is no hard and fast rule when it comes to the size of the sample used in a study, and there are many aspects to discipline into consideration. Contrast the factors a qualitative and quantitative investigateer must consider when determining the sample size. How does the sample size impact the study? Quantitative tecs set about to select samples that will allow them to achieve statistical conclusion validity and to generalize their results (Polit 2012, p. 273). And as our text reminds us there is no simple practice to tell you how large a sample is needed for a study.The general recommendation our text gives us is the largest sample size possible. The larger sample size that is used increases the validity of the research. So in turn the smaller the sample size for either study increases the sampling error. The researcher should comparing characteristics of the study in relation to the variable, dependent and independent. The size for most studies depends on the magnitude of the expected effect size, which is usually quantified by a relative pretend, odds ratio, absolute risk difference, hazard ratio, or difference between two means or medians.The smaller the true-effect size, the larger the study needs to be (Hackshaw, 2008, p. 1141). References Hackshaw, A. (2008, November 1, 2008). Small studies strengths and limitations. European respiratory Journal, 32(5), 1141-1145. http//dx. doi. org/10. 1183/09031936. 00136408 This discussion will revolve around the topic of control. In quantitative studies, control is an classic issue. What does control mean in research? Why is it important? What do you think is meant by controlling intrinsic and adscititious variables? Give examples of effective ways to control variables in quantitative research.In qualitative research In research control is a variable in a study that usually remains constant. This variable is what the study results are compared to. This control is what helps the researcher to know if the study was performed correctly or appropriately. When we think about controlling intrinsic and extrinsic variables first we must know what these things are. By definition extrinsic means (Dictionary. com, 2013) being outside a thing outward or external operating or coming from without. Intrinsic means belonging to a thing by its very nature.

Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study

billy club Joel decided he wanted to learn to play the fiddle for his next set of concerts. He cal conduct a violin salesman in New York and asked if he had any for sale. The salesman stated he had a Stradivarius and a Guarnerius (two famous brands of violins) and offered to sell them to Billy for $80,000 and $24,000, respectively. Billy concur, over the phone, to purchase the violins from the salesman and told him he would be in town the next week to dispel them up.Billy didnt show up for two months, and when he entered the store, the salesman wasnt there. His wife, Margargont, was there in the store, however, and she had full knowledge of the consider cut amongst her keep up and Billy. (Shed heard her husband whining, complaining, and wailing about Billy not presentation up for the last 2 months and she was really sick of hearing about it.)Billy asked to see the violins, and Margaret showed him two of them. Billy stated he would agree to pay $65,000 for both of them, and Margaret, knowing that they were counterfeits and still worth $2,000 AND realizing that their star sign was about to go into foreclosure, agreed to the reduction in value and sell Billy the two violins for $65,000. She gave him a bill of sale that she wrote out on a note pad on the counter, which said, Paid in full. Strativarus and Granruius violans. $65,000. Chk 4301 Billy Joel. Salesperson Margaret Madoff. The notepad was one she had brought home from their last vacation to Las Vegas and was from The Flamingo hotel there. Billy took home the violins and proceeded to learn to play, albeit actually poorly.Meanwhile, the salesman discovers that Margaret sold the violins for little than he had bargained for. He sues Billy Joel for the $39,000 difference, stating that Margaret was not an employee of the store and had no authority to swap the lot he and Billy had do.During the pendency of the suit, and after his next concert, the newspapers stated, Billy Joel should give up pl aying the violin He stinks Billy takes his violins to a music store to sell them and discovers they are only worth $2,000 and that they are not Stradivarius and Guarnerius violins but are instead counterfeits.He wants to countersue the salesman and asks you on what floor can he do so. Using contract, agency, and any other legal concepts you have learned this session, on what bases can Billy sue the salesman and his wife? What defenses will they have? Do you think Billy can recover? Further, will Margarets husband (his name is Bernard) be able to collect against Billy for the difference in price from the original deal? Explain your answer fully as to the whys, wherefores, and why nots for both parties. Use bullet points and issue contracting to assist you in your answer.Case SolutionIn the above case scenario, the oral contract that was made between the seller and the purchaser are not binding in the court of law in accordance to the contract law. As in the case the seller has bee n be met with the loss of settling for less that the agreed verbal contract holds. The offer that was made by the seller and accepted by the buyer was a partial fulfilment of the contract. The absent of proof that in deed an agreement was made between the two parties will made the court to rule in favour of Billy. This should hence be the basis of argument that Billy can use.The sell of counterfeit commodities to a buyer in high prices is considered to be a crime. The use of this basis by Billy holds a chance of guaranteeing him victory. This will also aid in the reclaiming of his image as a performer indicating that it was the counterfeit pianos that lead to the earlier poor performance. It is hence imperative to state that through these bases Bill will have a strong argument in the court against the business persons.Defence to be used by the Business PersonsIt is paramount to note that the Bernard and Margaret as the business persons do not hold a strong case against Billy due t o the insufficiency proof of the contract that was made in this business transaction. The situation that Margaret facilitated the completion of the verbal business transaction with the sale of the piano at a rate that was lower than the initially accepted prices can be used to state that she was not a business individual. The recommended $ 39,000 difference that Bernard is seeking from Billy Joel with regards to the agreed price would be based on the fact that the individual who facilitated the initial processes of the contract was not an authority.The Collection of the duplicate MoneyThe initial prices that had been verbally quoted by the salesman where $ 80,000 for Stradivarius piano and $ 24,000 for the Guarnerius piano. The total price that was paid for during the selling grasp was only $65,000 which was less by $ 39,000. The fact that the two pianos where deemed to be counterfeit with the total worth of only $ 2,000, the chances of the business personnel having a refund wi ll be unfruitful. It would not be in dedicate for the court to rule in favour of the Bernard to attain the extra funds by virtue that they had sold a product to their customer that was functioning properly that ended up denting his image as a performer.The original deal made between the two parties was based on lies and hence should not be cemented with the pay of the extra unpaid funds. A refund for the already paid funds in basis of $ 65,000 should be made to the customer. In the analysis of this case, it has been ascertained that the holding of physical proof for the contracts has to be met in any business relations. This will help in the smooth transition of the business activities (Larson, 2010).ContractIn this case, the business contract was made between two parties with an oral offer and acceptance of the buyer. Based on the agreement, the two pianos were to be purchased at the stated price of $104,000. The reasonable period to enforce the purchase was the agreed one week w here Billy was to collect the items. This can be used against him by the seller stating that they did not stick to the original oral business contract. The act of the seller misinterpreting the worth of the two pianos was not lawful since it is prohibited by the federal government. The presence of the third party in the business relation (wife) led to the reformation of the contract a new price generated. This led to the promise made to be at sea by the buyer in the presence of the third party.AgencyThe ostensible authority that is held by the wife of the seller to give the buyer a new business deal with the information she held about the simulated nature of the pianos would be termed in order in the court if the two jointly owned the business. The fact that she was not gives the seller an upper hand in stating that the purchase was made on unfair call without his knowledge. This gives a somewhat strong basis for argument in the quest to attain the $ 39,000 difference in payment that was not made.

The Native American Struggle

The indispensable American Struggle The way of life for the inbred Americans convertd greatly when the settlers arrived but they fought strongly to hold onto their sacred beliefs. No nitty-gritty of influence or interference from the Europeans could change what the American Indians believed in. The natives fought long and hard to try to retain their heritage and their lifestyles. While they ar unchanging minded(p) a small portion of land to sustain on, the plight of the immanent American people has been exit on since the settlers first set foot upon this land and continues to this day. Largest kin groupsAlthough they are all considered native Australian Americas or American Indians, there are over 550 different commonwealths in the united States. According to Time For Kids (2008), Nearly 1 out of every 100 people in the U. S. is a Native American. Most live in areas west of the Mississippi. Native Americans belong to 561 tribes. The Cherokee tribe of Oklahoma is the l argest. (para. 1). The five largest tribes are 1. Cherokee 308,000 2. Navajo 219,000 3. Chippewa 104,000 4. Sioux 103,000 5. Choctaw 82,000 Figure 1. The above shows the discharge five largest American Indian tribes in the Untied States.As one can see, the populations are large, yet close up the American Indians do not have enough land to sustain their tribes and heritage. Note From Time For Kids (2008). The Cherokee tribe or rather Cherokee solid ground is the largest tribe, often referred to as the to the highest degree advanced tribe among the American Indians. As utter on Cherokee domain (2009), Since earliest contact with European explorers in the 1500s, the Cherokee earth has been identified as one of the most advanced among Native American tribes. Cherokee culture thrived for thousands of eld in the southeastern United States before European contact. subsequently contact, Cherokee society and culture continued to develop, progressing with acquisitions from European s ettlers. Soon, we had shaped a bicultural govern manpowert and a society that matched the most well-manneredized of the time (para. 1). The Navajo Nation, most known for their speech communication, is the second largest Native American tribe, determined mostly in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The language of the Navajo people was often considered a mystical language. According to Navajo Nation (2005), Visitors from around the realism are intrigued and mystified when they hear the Navajo language so, too, were the enemy during World fight II.Unknown to many, the Navajo language was designd to create a secret code to battle the Japanese. Navajo men were selected to create codes and serve on the front line to overcome and deceive those on the other side of the battlefield. Today, these men are acknowledge as the famous Navajo Code Talkers, who exemplify the unequaled bravery and patriotism of the Navajo people (para. 2). During World War II the Navajo men who used that secret code were known as Wind Talkers. The third largest tribe in the United States and probably the least known, are the Chippewa Indians.In Access Genealogy (2009), One of the largest tribes conglutination of Mexico, whose dress was formerly along both shores of Lake Huron and Superior, extending across Minnesota Turtle Mountains, North Dakota. Although strong in add up and occupying an extensive territory, the Chippewa were never prominent in history, owing to their remoteness from the frontier during the period of the colonial wars (para. 1). The buy the farm two tribes in the top five are the Sioux Indians and the Choctaw Indians. The Sioux people were among the most powerful within the Native American tribes.The Sioux was also home to one of the most popular Indian chiefs, Sioux Chief Sitting Bull. The Choctaw Indians are located mostly in Oklahoma. According to Choctaw (2008), The Choctaws were one of the largest and most advanced tribes in all of North America (para. 1). Earl y Life Before the arrival of the settlers, Native Americans lived a peaceful life, black marketing and vivification off the land. The were dependant on the resources of the land. The plains Indians in the west were around for many centuries before the settlers arrived. Most American Indians are a deep spiritual people.According to _ (2003), The natural environment helped to shape the peoples thinking and cultures as they viewed the world and the Universe in a native perspective of a physical and metaphysical reality (para. 2). accept in the deep powers of the land, the plains Indians were very loyal to the environment. As stated on _ (2003), The natural environment of the corking West provided life to American Indians. It also took life People learned that working together, and hunting together, was passing important Living alone on the plains meant accredited death.It was a hard life, taught by Nature(para. 3). They digestd by depends and respecting the land, and together as a people. Oftentimes the men of the tribes would leave for days at time to hunt and gather food, leaving the women to farm and care for the children and elders of the tribe. The Settlers Life for the Native Americans change dramatically once the settlers landed. At first Indians greeted the settlers in Jamestown with hostility just based on the treatment they received from the Spanish, but presently after they started sharing their food.According to The Library of sexual congress (2003), At first, Powhatan, leader of a confederation of tribes around the Chesapeake Bay, hoped to start the newcomers through hospitality and his offerings of food. As the colonists searched for instant wealth, they neglected planting corn and other work obligatory to make their colony self-sufficient. They therefore grew more and more dependent on the Indians for food (para. 1). With Captain toilet Smith leading the settlers in Jamestown, trade relations did not always work with the Indians.The Lib rary of Congress (2003) states, Unfortunately for the Indians, Smith believed that the English should treat Indians as the Spanish had to compel them to drudgery, work, and slavery, so English colonists could live like Soldiers upon the fruit of their labor. Thus, when his negotiations with Indians for food occasionally failed, Smith took what he wanted by force (para. 2). After the Native Americans knew the English settlers were here to stay, they began to attack. Powhatan was disappointed that the settlers were not as friendly and forthcoming as the Indians were.As stated in The Library of Congress (2003), He knew that the English invade my people, possess my country. Indians thus began attacking settlers, cleanup position their livestock, and burning such crops as they planted. All the while, Powhatan claimed he simply could not control the young men who were committing these acts without his knowledge or permission (para. 3). Soon the settlers began fighting the American Indi ans, forcing them of their land and more west. Once the Indians started mournful west, the English and French settlers laid stake to the land. Present DayEven today the tribes struggle to maintain their heritage. They remain a highly spiritual people. Most tribes however are plagued by need, high rates of teen suicide, and alcoholism. under(a) constant scrutiny for their beliefs and religious practices, up until 1978 the were forced to either convert to Christianity or be lag (Wikipedia 2009). Even still, as recent as 1993 the Peyote Indians were denied certain parts of their religious practices. According to Wikipedia (2009), However, patronage the passing of the Freedom of Religion Act in 1973, several practices of Native American religion were still being stifled.For example, the Peyote Indians named their tribe after the peyote cactus, which is central to their religious practices. The peyote cactus was banned by the government, however, due to its powerful hallucinogenic ef fects, and thus was still outlawed to be used by the Native Americans. It was not until the Native American Free Exercise of Religion Act of 1993 was passed that the Peyote Indians could lawfully use the peyote cactus in their religious celebrations (para. 25). Figure 2. The pie chart illustrates the top five Native American tribes that had families spiritedness in poverty in 1989. Note From U. S.Bureau of the Census (1990). Even in recent memory the amount of Native American families that lived in poverty was very high. Native American families that live in poverty rates among the higher than any other American ethnic group in the nation. Still today, most Native American Indians face discrimination on a daily basis. According to About. com (2009), In the U. S. , Native Americans are a minority racial group, and as such, they continue to face discrimination. In fact, prior to the civil rights laws, once could find three separate drinking fountains labeled Whites, Colored and India n in certain states.Movie theaters were similarly split into three separate sections (para. 3). Even though most of the land that the Native American occupies is federally protected, the American Indians have a constant struggle with the government to protect their rights as a people. About. com (2009) states, they continue to fight to protect their rights and religious freedoms, both of which have repeatedly been threatened over the years through denial of access to religious sites, prohibitions on the use or possession of sacred objects, and restrictions on their ability to worship through ceremonial and traditional means (para. ). In summary, even though the Native American Indians way of life has changed drastically, their beliefs and lifestyle remain the same. The European settlers made a large force on the American Indians but it was the they that helped the early settlers truly settle in to the new land and survive the harsh weather conditions of their first few years on the new continent. Native American Indians are of strong will and deep beliefs, they still fight for their rights as a people.Even in this new speed of light of technological advances, the Native American Indians work hard every day, from their small Indian Reservations that they call home, to preserve their heritage and their way of life.References About. com (2009). Native American Indian History and the Native Americans Ongoing Fight. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http//racerelations. about. com/od/thehierarchyofrace/a/nativeamericans. htm Access Genealogy (2009). Chippewa Indian History. Retrieved February 16, 2009, from http//www. accessgenealogy. com/native/tribes/chippewa/chippewahist. tm Cherokee Nation (2009). A Brief History of the Cherokee Nation . Retrieved January Day, 2009, from http//www. cherokee. org/Culture/57/Page/default. aspx Choctaw Indians (2008). On the Genealogical Choctaw Trail. Retrieved February 14, 2009, from http//www. choctaw. org/History/Genealogy/G enealogy. html Navajo Nation (2005). Navajo Nation History. Retrieved January 2009, from http//www. navajo. org/history. htm The Library of Congress (2003). Virginias Early Relations with Native Americans. Retrieved February 17, 2009, from http//memory. loc. ov/learn/features/timeline/colonial/indians/indians. html Time For Kids (2008). authorize 5 Largest Native American Tribes. Retrieved February 6,2009,from http//www. timeforkids. com/TFK/teachers/wr/article/0,27972,96120,00. html U. S. Bureau of the Census (1990). Characteristics of American Indians by Tribe and Language. Retrieved February 7, 2009, from http//www. census. gov/population/socdemo/race/indian/ailang2. txt Wikipedia (2009). Americanization (of Native Americans). Retrieved February 15, 2009, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Americanization_(of_Native_Americans)

Ex Post Facto Laws Essay

Ex put facto practice of rectitudes refer to laws that apply to acts committed before the enactment of such laws and are, in that locationfore, disadvantageous to the affected persons. The United States nature in article I, section 10 prohibits the state from enacting such retroactive laws. This prohibition protects individuals from unjust legislative acts. However, the ban on ex expect facto laws applies only with catch to criminal and not civil laws (Zollar, 2002). I believe that the US constitution is reasonable and consistent by containing provisions that limit the enactment of ex post facto laws since this help in safeguarding the rights of individuals under existing laws. If the constitution did not contain the ex post facto article, individuals would be unfairly subjected to laws that act retrogressively and deny them justice. For instance, an adult should not be prosecuted for crimes he committed when he was a minor if such crimes could not be instituted against him at that time due to bound on juvenile court jurisdiction. I concur with the authors of the ex post facto clause that laws should not be employ retroactively.However, where the rule cannot be reasonably applied, various exceptions should be incorporated to make the rule workable. Like each other rule, I believe that it is important for the ex post facto clause to have various exceptions that would construe its enforceability. While I agree that laws should not be enacted retrogressively, I feel that the biggest challenge facing the ex post facto clause is the obscure differentiation of criminal laws from civil laws. The clause that prohibits ex post facto laws bans several(prenominal) acts. First, it prohibits the creation of criminal laws and making them retroactive. Such retroactive laws have the effect of criminalizing acts committed before their enactments. The clause besides prohibits laws that are made in order to retroactively aggravate a crime, for instance, by retroactive ly changing a misdemeanor to a felony.Retroactively increasing the punishment for a crime is also prohibited under US laws. Furthermore, the Ex post facto clause also bans the creation of laws that alter the rules of tell and instead allow conviction based on different or lesser evidence than what the law proscribed at the time of the crimes commission (Gardner & Anderson, 2011). There are several exceptions to the limitation of retroactive laws in the ex post facto clause. The rule is limited to penal law and is not relevant to cases where the new laws favor the accused.Moreover, the rule is not applicable to customary laws and precedent laws that are retrospective with regard to previous cases. Another exception to the ex post facto rule is a retroactive law that provides for payback for certain acts that were illegal but not criminal when they were committed. An example of such a law is the capital of the United Kingdom Agreement, which is retroactive to the extent of acts tha t constituted violations of international laws when they were committed (Bassiouni, 2011) One of the most important current aspects of ex post facto laws is taxation.Prohibition of retroactive laws is limited to criminal acts. Therefore, there is no ex post facto law prohibition in taxation since it is a civil act. In the case of Fernandez vs. Fernandez, it was ruled that prohibition on ex post facto laws was limited to criminal laws and that tax laws were civic. In September 2012, the U.S Commerce Department oblige an ex post facto tax of $ 100 million as an anti-dumping measure (Foldvary, 2012). I feel that there is need to address the lack of prohibition of ex post facto laws in taxation. It would be unjust if entrepreneurs would stand property through confiscation by the government in an effort to recover retroactive taxes.ReferencesBassiouni, M. C. (2011). Crimes against human being Historical and contemporary application. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Foldvary, F. E . (2012). The Progress Report Ex post Facto Taxation. Retrieved October 27, 2012 from http//www.progress.org/2012/fold784.htm Gardner, T. J. and Anderson, T. M. (2011). Criminal Law. Belomont, CA Cengage Learning. Zollar, J. (2002). Prohibition against Ex Post Facto laws. House Research. Retrieved October 7, 2012 from http//www.house.leg.state.mn.us/hrd/pubs/ss/clssexpost.pdf

Baderman Island Resort: Mission and Vision

Baderman Resort provides its guests various options to relax and entertain themselves at their prime location situated at the shores of the Kelsey river. The resort is self contained with many restaurants of different types, three hotels namely Baderman Main Hotel, The Tenney and Melancon Convention Center and Hotel. unconnected form this there is a botanical garden, fairway, recreation center, and a spa. Apart from this the island boasts various shopping and take in locations. An art g anyery tops the list with in-house collections and exhibits borrowed from other collections around the world.Baderman being an island resort has returns orient totally towards customer needs. The prime concern for Baderman is to offer its customers a place to relax, be entertained and venerate their time alone or with their families. With this defined, Badermans mission statement should be as follows We are in the tune of leisure and tourism through providing world class services to our clients in the form of a peaceful, placid environment with the best service and calming atmosphere.We provide scenic views, relaxation and enjoyment for our clients, their families and task colleagues all the while keeping in mind the interests of our stakeholders being owners of restaurants and hotels within the island as well as business partners. This mission statement covers all aspects that a mission statement should cover namely the type of business, service offered to customers and benefit to stakeholders.The statement highlights the right target market being any one who wants to have a good time and quality service at Baderman whether alone, with families or whether to conduct business. Baderman offers everything for any of the above types of customers. dream Badermans vision should be to keep its scenic views unadulterated and increase the quality level and derive of services that it offers to its customers. It should in the near future train all its employees in hospitality a nd customer care.It has ii choices, either it expands to offer much locations and thus increase its capacity as well to accommodate a larger amount of customers or it finds a niche and attracts a specific set of customers and to do so adds more elements to its current plans. Whatever the route it takes, it will have to make a few changes in the current setup it has and training employees in the long run. It should provide a helipad, a private airstrip, more restaurants with various cuisines, more spas and saunas, sports facilities etc.It can also provide season specific amenities to its guests. In the destruction it should exercise strict quality management. In the leisure industry, if anything slightly goes wrong, it spreads all over and leaves the resort with a bad name. Bad service to accidents can all be the cause for a bad name. im ensnareable to this reason the staff should be properly trained and strict controls will need to be put in order to maintain the highest quality standard possible for the targeted market.

How the Arrival of the Europeans Alter the Environment for Native Americans

Justine Hertwig HIS 416 Exam 1 How did the arriver of the Europeans alter the environment of Native Americans? Documentation and oral history help historians piece together the past. We whop when and who arrived in early America, unless we dont have the most detailed approximation of what the at present United States actually looked like because technology was at a bare minimum. Columbus arrived in1492 and reported wide empty estates mellowed for the taking. If America was properly surveyed at that time, Columbus may have had something else to tell the peace of his people.Perhaps he would have described huge civilizations and cities, massive agricultural centers capable of feeding thousands, and domesticated beasts in giant herds. When discussing the involvement of destruction on the early America, its easy to point a hitchhike at the Europeans as wasteful and intrusive. Louis S. Warrens American Environmental History gives points that support the idea that American Indians had already made a significant carbon footprint on the land.According to Warren, Bartolome de las Casa, a Spanish priest and author of many items of literature that demonized the Spanish for their cruelty to the natives, believed that more than 40 million American Indians had died before compound America had even begun to cattle farm west. The fact that very little commonwealth censuses were performed on the native peoples means that that number could be far more or far less. Either look 40 million people would need massive amounts of resources to allow their civilizations to thrive.Warren suggests a New World complete of 53. 9 million. -pg. 6 This notion would make Columbuss claim of vast empty lands ripe for the taking as a gross exaggeration. What we do know is that there are many animal(prenominal) land features that are greatly altered at the hands of the Native peoples not just the trespassing(a) Europeans. Warren describes cause that fire had been used as a means of c learing out land and pushing back forest lines for agricultural use in the early Americas long before Europeans arrived.Lightning solely could not have been the cause for these massive fires suggesting the American Indians as the culprits. We also know that as the skin trade began to explode, many feuds erupted over hunting lands needed to supply the Europeans with pelts. The Native peoples became dependent on outside(prenominal) goods such as copper pots and pans, guns, gun powder, and bullets, and tools offered by the European traders in return for huge poesy of pelts. This trade sparked the Beaver Wars which laid waste to many American Indian tribes and made the trade personal credit line even more competitive and cut throat.Besides the unwanted intrusion on enormous areas of pre-owned land and the spread of lethal disease, Warren describes the European settlers cutting down too many trees, over fishing the seafood commonwealth, and existence generally wasteful of the resou rces that, at the time, seemed infinite as their primary offense. Yet this claim wasnt until colonial America was concretely established and west pressd expansion began for an ever growing population and economic market. Pastoralism was the slue for settlers causing more and more land to be obtained questionably by unknowing American Indians.The European expansion pushed endemic go on and further out of their lands disrupting their ancient tradition forever. The environment became hostile straightway after the eldest Europeans arrived, not just from fighting over land ownership but because of the remnant brought on by foreign disease and threat of being captured during raids from enemy tribes and sold to the Europeans as slaves. Its obvious that European arrival greatly impacted and altered the physical environment for the American Indians, but to say that they were the only people that laid waste to forests and herds of animals is just egregious.Warren suggests that the land was significantly altered with primer erosion as wellhead as a growing medium left with little nutrients for further growing seasons. -pg. 90 Yet the question of Which civilization decimated the land the most? remains. If disease, forced relocation and war hadnt all but destroyed the American Indians by the 1700s whos to say that they wouldnt have ravaged the land and its resources to support the massive native population. 100 years after first European contact the native population was reduced by over 90%.This gives convincing evidence that the landscape that colonial settlers described as lush, wild and unused was once extremely modified by natives a a couple of(prenominal) hundred years before European arrival. How has disease shaped the historical growth in the United States? Until the arrival of the Europeans, the New World was free of measles, typhus, cholera, and smallpox. When the Spanish invaded Mexico, they brought with them a silent grampus more potent than any arm y. The infectious diseases ravaged the American Indians because they had no immunity.By the early 1600s, the indigenous population was decimated from smallpox, mumps, measles and other European diseases. The large-scale epidemics that followed devastated native communities creating cultural disruption. This greatly weakened their capacity for army response and inadvertently paved the way for rapid European expansion and cultural dominance. Disease didnt just give the Europeans the upper hand for domination by reducing American Indians ability to fight back with numbers, it deeply disturbed the native religion.American Indians had shamans or medicine men that, for centuries, provided all that was needed to interact their ailments. Warren lists the diseases not foreign to the natives as pinta, yaws, venereal syphilis, hepatitis, encephalitis, polio, some varieties of tuberculosis and intestinal parasites. -pg. 51 As Old World disease took hold of the American Indians they turned to their shamans and medicine men for solution. Like the Puritans, American Indians first believed sickness was caused by sin.Their God, or in American Indian sense their spirit world, was self-aggrandising ailment to punish those not lifetime correctly. The shamans gave instruction on proper ritual and ceremony carrying out to rid the infected of sickness. After this didnt work the tribes people began to lose faith. Their traditional medicine wasnt working and the disease seemed to be indiscriminate to man and woman of any age. This caused the American Indians to look at the Europeans state of health. They werent affected as harshly because of immunity.Not knowing the concept of immunity, the indigenous began to forsake old ways and assimilate European culture into daily life in hopes to conglomerate strength from the European God that spared his people from sickness and death. Europeans brought catastrophic death to the American Indians as well as the seeds that sprouted a loss o f faith in their traditional native ways. The native population wasnt the only peoples greatly affected by disease. Warren illustrates the devastating effects of cholera and dysentery on colonial America. Many of the colonists just werent educated enough to take proper care of themselves when sick.Warren describes the few doctors that lost more patients then they saved. -pgs. 141-147. Many colonists also believed that many sicknesses were due to punishments by God or the doings of evil spirits. Colonial America had major problems with sanitisation. They didnt even know that poor sanitation was the cause for most of the illnesses ailing their people. Colonial homes had no bathrooms or running water. Their tushs were either a bedroom pot they kept under beds or a privy. Drinking wells were contaminated by discarding toilet waste into streams and creeks.A lack of understanding pathogens and how they survive caused many, who were able to recover, to get sick all over again. another(p renominal) problem was that the colonials rarely bathed. They felt that bathing washed away the layer of dirt that was their protection against germs and disease. When they did bathe, it consisted of serve with a cloth dipped into a basin of water. We know now that this could actually spread germs and bacterium instead of ridding them, especially when using the same infected washcloth to bath the sick and the healthy.Cholera itself wont kill a person, but lack of hydration while expelling most of ones form fluids while sick will. In hopes to escape the disease that ravaged people in close living quarters, colonists moved to what Warren describes as open air and waters of the countryside. -pg. 154 This caused many to expand their communities to areas unaffected by pathogens and inadvertently kicking out American Indians through manipulation while simultaneously introducing them to more sickness.

Summary Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

compendious Analysis - Essay ExampleThe opening sections of the denomination in question consist of a thoughtfulness on the need to find a suitable metaphor to describe social computing. Taking the aspect of a lecturer, McLeran explains how metaphors can break old patterns of thought by linking previously unconnected items or judgement together. The main linguistic strategy for encouraging new thinking is the juxtaposition of normally unrelated concepts. exploration of the connotations of these disparate concepts then brings to light features that the two items or ideas have in common or in contrast and the process of comparison can result in striking new kinds of understanding. The register of the name is a clever mix of formal and casual. The use of letters to denote concepts taken from the field of mathematics, as in the example This kind of association creates syllogistic metaphors if A is a metaphor for B and B is a metaphor for C, is not A a metaphor for C? (McLeran p. 1) . The technical term syllogistic is taken from the fields of philosophy and logic, and its Greek etymology as well as its application in these fields indicates that the author expects his readers to keep up with his intellectual level. A more casual tone is adopted after in the word with the use of lexis such as a couple of interesting metaphorical mappings (McLeran p. 1). in that respect is a grammatical error in the phrase limit an individuals ability to progress which suggests that the author has not proofread his own work very effectively and incidentally that the work has not been subjected to editing. This marks the element out as more towards the informal end of the academic discourse spectrum. In terms of structure, the article is quite unusual for an academic piece. There are no traditional academic headings such as introduction, literature review, hypothesis etc., and there is no clear statement of methodology. The piece has headings further these are more like journal istic key phrase headings than academic formal structure headings. The article ends on a section announcing both(prenominal) questions which arise from the metaphor (McLeran, p 1) and this is, however rather normal of a standard academic research article. Having proposed and defined his new idea, the author considers some objections, and concludes that the idea is good and then opens up the discussion to other academics who might be interested to formulate a reply. In a chain of reasoning McLeran likens metaphors to a springboard, and then a springboard to jazz music, and from there he makes a conceptual leap to jazz, which also involves courageous departures from safe and predictable tracks to something much more freely formed and exciting. He goes too far, perhaps in defining social computing as a kind of hook language (McLeran, p. 1) because it is very difficult to imagine what an abstract language actually is. An abstract language suggests something incomprehensible and diff icult, whereas both jazz and social computing are delightfully easy to follow, with some complex attributes but many more familiar aspects. In short, therefore, the author is somewhat carried away in his elaborate definitions of social computing but he settles down on the metaphor of jazz as the answer to the professor